<p>St. Aloysius Catholic Church is a historic Catholic church in Carthagena, an unincorporated community in Marion Township, Mercer County, Ohio, United States. Built in the late nineteenth century, it remains the home of an active parish, and it has been designated a historic site because of its well-preserved architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Early parish history</h2><br>
<p>Local Catholics began to purchase large amounts of land in Cathagena from black people in 1856; the parish grew strong enough to establish a school and a cemetery in 1860, and St. Aloysius&#39; Church was canonically erected in 1865. In their earliest years, the people worshipped in the chapel of the adjacent St. Charles Seminary. and provided pastors for the church.</p><br>
<p>As its membership grew, the parish decided to construct a church building. Plans were laid and construction began in 1875; the cornerstone was laid in May 1877, and the church was consecrated on June 30, 1878; the parishioners had performed the construction work themselves. Under the pastorate of Gregory Jüssel, the church was greatly modified in the summer of 1905; only the tower and three of the walls remain from the original structure.</p><br>
<h2>Church building</h2><br>
<p>St. Aloysius Church is a Gothic Revival structure, five bays long and three bays wide, and officially one story high. Built of brick, laid in a stretcher bond, the walls rest on a foundation of stone rubble from Piqua, which includes a basement. A gabled roof of asphalt covers the rectangular church, which measures 85 ft long and 45 ft wide. One of the churchs most prominent architectural elements is its tower: equipped with a white-painted wooden belfry and a tall spire, the tower rests on its own walls, 2 ft thick. The entire building cost approximately $7,500 to erect; much of this amount was donated by other nearby parishes. Inside, the churchs sanctuary includes elements such as white-painted altars and multiple sizes of pews: large pews for adults, and miniature pews for children. The interior is lit partially by many large stained glass windows; added more than 25 years after the church was completed, these windows were purchased by individual families within the parish.</p><br>
<p>Few elements of the church are original from the 1870s. The middle of 1905 saw the completion of a wide range of alterations, including the removal of the original interior, the addition of a sacristy, the placement of the present stained glass windows, and the expansion of the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historians have divided the Precious Blood-related churches of western Ohio into four generations. Most of the first-generation churches were small frame structures; only four of these buildings (three of which are brick) – have survived; two have been converted for other purposes, one has been greatly modified, and only St. Johns Church in Fryburg remains in a condition resembling its original state. St. Aloysius is a member of the second generation of churches, which comprises the buildings completed between 1865 and 1885. Most of these buildings were simple brick structures with small bell towers; conversely, St. Aloysius was the first church in the region to be designed with a tall tower. Its construction was a turning point in the ecclesiastical architecture of the region: after its construction, most of the areas churches were modified by the construction of similar towers, and later structures were generally designed likewise. Furthermore, Anton DeCurtins&#39;s commission to design the church at Carthagena, where he lived, led to similar requests from many other parishes: the churches of the third generation, built between 1885 and 1905, were characteristically large brick High Gothic Revival structures, dominated by tall towers, and designed by Anton or his sons.</p><br>
<h3>Stained glass windows</h3><br>
<p>The church interior is adorned with Munich-style stained glass windows. The windows depict the life of the church patron saint, Aloysius Gonzaga, saints associated with other places having names similar to "Carthagena", and saints revered in German culture.</p><br>
<p>St. Aloysius receives the first Holy Communion from the hand of St. Charles Borromeo.</p><br>
<p>St. Aloysius is surprised by his parents in prayer.</p><br>
<p>St. Florian, Soldier and Martyr, Patron against fire hazard.</p><br>
<p>St. Isidore Archbishop of Seville, 636. Born 560 in Cartagena, Spain.</p><br>
<p>St. Notburga Virgin and Maid Servant. Died 1313.</p><br>
<p>St. Perpetua, Mother and Martyr, 202 in Carthage, Africa.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter Claver teaches the Negro slaves in Cartagena, South America.</p><br>
<p>St. Deacon Lawrence hears of his approaching death from St. Pope Sixtus.</p><br>
<h2>Related properties</h2><br>
<p>Two school buildings – one frame and one brick – were built approximately 0.5 mi west of the church. These buildings were built for the Black community that lived in Carthagena before the current parish was in the area. In order to better serve the parish school, a house was erected for the nuns who taught there after they left the seminary building. Many parishes in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati constructed rectories for their pastors in accord with an archiepiscopal directive in the early twentieth century; however, this was not necessary for St. Aloysius Church, as its pastors always resided at the seminary. Moreover, two cemeteries are located in proximity to the church: the original Black cemetery, near USA Route 127 west of the church, and the parish cemetery, between the Black cemetery and the church.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<h3>Recognition</h3><br>
<p>Architectural historians from the Ohio Historical Society surveyed St. Aloysius Church in 1977 as part of a historic preservation effort known as the "Ohio Historic Inventory." This survey revealed that the churchs interior was in good condition and its exterior in excellent condition; the only likely threats to its integrity were plans for continued interior remodelling. In recognition of its well-preserved architecture, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. More than seventy other buildings at over thirty-five locations, including twenty-eight other churches, were listed on the Register at the same time as part of the "Cross-Tipped Churches Thematic Resources", a collection of architecturally significant buildings related to the Missionaries of the Precious Blood in far western Ohio. The tall Gothic Revival towers of the many Catholic churches of this region, pioneered by that of St. Aloysius Church, have become this regions namesake: it is known as the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches."</p><br>
<h3>Current status</h3><br>
<p>St. Aloysius Church continues as an active parish of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati to the present day. It is part of the St. Henry Cluster, along with St. Bernard Parish in Burkettsville, St. Francis Parish in Cranberry Prairie, St. Henry Parish in St. Henry, and St. Wendelin Parish in St. Wendelin. The entire cluster is a part of the St. Marys Deanery.</p><br>
<p>Z. Ritchie House is a historic home located at Plattsburgh in Clinton County, New York. It was built between 1856 and 1869 and is a two-story, frame dwelling on a stone foundation in the Gothic Revival style. It features a cross-gable roof, decorative bargeboards, and a one-story projecting bay with ornate balustrade.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>S. F. Vilas Home for Aged & Infirmed Ladies is a historic multiple dwelling located at Plattsburgh in Clinton County, New York. It was built in 1889-1890 and is a three-story, brick, monumental multiple dwelling structure in the Queen Anne style. It features truncated hipped roofs with cross-gable wings, corbelled decorative chimneys, and bands of colored brickwork. It was built as a 44-bed residence for aged and infirmed women.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>DYouville Academy is a historic school building and nunnery in Plattsburgh in Clinton County, New York. It was built about 1878 and is a -story, cruciform plan brick structure on a raised stone foundation. The facade features a rounded 2-story bay, a five-gable roof dormer, and Mansard roof. The Academy was founded about 1878 and operated by the Grey Nuns, founded by Saint Marie-Marguerite dYouville . Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The Academy has since been folded into the Seton Catholic Central High School, and the building has since been converted into apartments.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Hawkins Hall is a historic institutional building located on the campus of State University of New York at Plattsburgh at Plattsburgh in Clinton County, New York, USA. It was designed by the state architect William E. Haugaard and built in 1932. It is a two-story stone structure with five-story and two-story towers in the Late Gothic Revival style. The entrances feature large wooden paneled doors with semi-circular transoms. It was built for the state Normal School at Plattsburgh to replace a structure destroyed by fire in 1929. It is named for Dr. George Hawkins, who was principal of the Normal School from 1898 to 1932, in 1955.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>Following its Construction in 1932, Hawkins did not undergo any substantial renovation for almost 60 years. The building fell into disrepair as the center of campus shifted southward towards the Angell College Center, Kehoe Administration Building and the new Feinberg Library. It was not until the early 1990s that any action was taken to help preserve and renovate the building. The project was undertaken in two stages. Phase I, begun in the summer of 1991, focused on the exterior of the building. This phase was followed by phase II, which focused on the renovation of the interior of the building and was begun in early 1997. Construction was undertaken in two stages. First the west side of the building was renovated, followed by comparable renovations being undertaken on the east side. These renovations also included work on the ventilation and heating systems in the building, the courtyards, and the E. Glenn Giltz Auditorium. The work on the building was completed six months ahead of schedule in early 1999. Hawkins has not undergone another major renovation since the completion of that project in 1999.</p><br>
<p>While the main building has not undergone a major renovation since 1999, the adjacent pond recently underwent a major renovation. The man made pond has existed since the construction of the original building in 1889, and had undergone several changes in the 125 years. The most recent renovation effort was substantial and changed the area around the pond as well. The liner of the pond was replaced and now allows the pond to be filled year round, allowing for ice skating in the winter months. The pond was given a new waterfall, and a floating fountain to complement its new liner. A new wetland area of the pond which can be used for academic study was also created. The area around the pond was ringed with stone from local quarries and the landscaping in the area seeks to "emulate the Adirondacks and Lake Champlain."</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>Following the completion of the renovation Hawkins hall began to enjoy a great deal more attention. While prior to renovations Hawkins class space had been underutilized, upon completion of renovations the building saw the number of students making use of its space increase markedly. It is now home to 6 different academic programs and the colleges honors program. The building has grown into a hub for students as it is home to numerous classes and the only dining facilities on the north side of the campus.</p><br>
<p>Fort Brown Site is a historic former redoubt located on the Saranac River at Plattsburgh in Clinton County, New York. It was built during the War of 1812 and used in Battle of Plattsburgh. It had eight guns and four interior buildings.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The site is part of now Fort Brown Park and is operated by the City of Plattsburgh.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas and Maria Blackman Bartlett House  was built as a private house at the corner of Canton Center and Warren Roads. It was donated to Canton Township and relocated to its current site at 500 N. Ridge Road in Cherry Hill, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bartlett House was originally constructed in a Greek Revival style, but in subsequent years has been updated with Victorian elements.</p><br>
<p>The house is a two-story wood structure with clapboard siding, shingle roof, and a cement block foundation faced with fieldstone. The main portion of the house has extensions to the side and rear. The front entry is flanked with pilasters and sheltered by a small porch with millwork and scrolled brackets. A large wrap-around porch (reconstructed from photographs) with wooden columns and balustrade runs from the front to the south facade. Windows are primarily four-over-four, with the exception of three six-over-six windows in the rear extension.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thomas and Maria Blackman Bartlett settled in Canton Township in 1839. In 1867, Thomas and Maria&#39; son George Bartlett purchased the property. During the 19th century, the Bartletts added various enlargements were to the structure. In 1908, the farm and house were purchased by William and Martha Travis; their daughter Ella Rowe inherited the house in approximately 1924 and owned it until the mid-1950s. At that point, the house was purchased by Thomas Myers; it passed through the hands of John Darakijan and Kev Dividock, who donated the house to Canton Township. In 1989, the house was moved to its current location and placed on a new foundation. Restoration work to return the house to its c. 1900 appearance was begun in 1994 and finished in 2002. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The house is available for community rental.</p><br>
<p>Grove Farm is a historic agricultural site on Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>German immigrant Hermann A. Widemann (1822–1899) started one of the first sugarcane plantations in Hawaii known as Grove Farm in 1854.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the demand for Hawaii sugar grew, but Widemann supported the Confederate States.</p><br>
<p>After leasing Grove Farm to its manager George Norton Wilcox (1839–1933) in November 1864, Widemann moved to Honolulu to work in the capital as a supreme court judge. Wilcox would later buy the plantation, and it remained in the family for over 100 years.</p><br>
<p>Wilcox had an irrigation system built to bring water from the wet mountains to the flatter lower elevations where the crops were grown.</p><br>
<p>This idea was later copied by many other planters in the islands.</p><br>
<p>In 1881 Princess Ruth Keelikolani sold some adjoining land, which grew the acreage by about a factor of ten.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 the family hired Charles William Dickey to design a house for Ralph Wilcox and his wife Daisy Rice.</p><br>
<p>Dickey also supervised a renovation of the main house in 1915 which removed interior walls to create large open spaces.</p><br>
<p>From 1913 to 1917 a row of small houses were built for plantation workers. The houses were called Kaipu Camp after the Hawaiian name for a Chinese foreman of the plantation.</p><br>
<p>The main estate house has two bedrooms, writing room, two bathrooms, and a library on the first floor. A grand staircase leads up to the second floor which has more bedrooms. Behind the main house is a hexagonal gazebo styled after a Japanese teahouse, built in 1898. To the south is a guest cottage with two living areas from about 1890. Another single story cottage was built in 1877 for George Wilcox, and an office building was built in 1884. A number of support buildings include sheds and a garage.</p><br>
<p>Wilcox died in 1933, and the farm was left to nieces and nephews. This included the six children of his brother Samuel Wilcox (1847–1929) and Emma Lyman (1849–1943), daughter of missionary David Belden Lyman.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the farm started to diversify by growing other food crops to feed the growing population of the islands, including the military.</p><br>
<p>In 1948, Grove Farm purchased the 3,000 acre McBryde plantation which included the Koloa sugar mill.</p><br>
<p>By 1974, sugar production was leased to Alexander & Baldwin, while the company moved into residential and resort real estate operations.</p><br>
<p>The Wilcox estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii on June 25, 1974, as site 74000722. Its boundary was adjusted to total 81.79 acre on December 8, 1978, and site changed to 78003436.</p><br>
<p>The main house is now a private museum, the Grove Farm Sugar Plantation Museum, with tours by appointment.</p><br>
<p>It is located on Hawaii Route 58, known as Nawiliwili Road.</p><br>
<p>The narrow gauge Grove Farm Company Locomotives were stored in a warehouse just to the west in the area known as Puhi, also listed on the NRHP, and formerly owned by Mabel Wilcox.</p><br>
<p>Some of the restored trains can be ridden about once a month at the site of the Lihue Plantation Sugar Mill nearby.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s all sugarcane production ended in the area. A golf course designed for the former plantation called Puakea was partially built when Hurricane Iniki hit in 1992. It opened with ten holes in 1997. It has come to be a full, 18 hole golf course.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 the Grove Farm Company (not including the Museum) was bought by Steve Case. In July 2001 he also bought the neighboring Lihue plantation from Amfac, for a total of about 40,000 acre. Case&#39;s grandfather A. Hebard Case had worked on the plantation. He paid US$25 million and assumed $60 million of debt, but was sued by Wilcox family shareholders since his father had served as lawyer for the Grove Farm company. The lawsuit went to court but was dismissed in 2008. Case has proposed more development, characterized as green building.</p><br>
<p>AuSable Chasm Bridge is a historic steel arch bridge with concrete and stone faced approach spans that carries US 9 over the Ausable River at AuSable between Clinton and Essex Counties, New York. It was built between 1932–1933. The main span is 222 ft in length, with two 52 ft foot approach spans, for an overall length with approaches and abutments of 526 ft. It is approximately 40 ft wide, with a span height of 45 ft and overall height of 70 ft.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Starke County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Knox, Starke County, Indiana. It was designed by the architectural firm of Wing & Mahurin, of Fort Wayne and built in 1897. It is a three-story, Richardsonian Romanesque style Indiana Oolitic limestone and terra cotta building. It has a Greek cross-plan and is topped by a tiled hipped roof. It features a 138 feet tall clock tower located at the roof&#39;s center.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Starke County was organized on April 1, 1850. County business was conducted in the log home of Jacob Tillman, the county treasurer. In 1851 a new courthouse was built for $475. The frame structure was on the southeast corner of Mound and Pearl Streets. A second courthouse was completed in 1863. It had colonial columns and a bell tower. It was the first located on the public square. The final cost was $20,000. Construction of the present courthouse started in 1897. The courthouse is in the Richardsonian Romanesque style.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1897 by contractors George W. Caldwell and Lester Drake, of Columbus, Indiana. Caldwell and Drake are best known for the West Baden Springs Hotel, which, at that time, had the largest dome in the world, and for the Palace of Agriculture at the St. Louis World&#39;s Fair, which was the largest building ever constructed under one roof at the time of its execution. The building is a fine example of the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The Starke County Courthouse is significant for its Richardsonian Romanesque architecture, designed by the firm of John F. Wing and Marshall S. Mahurin, of Fort Wayne, and for its role as the seat of county government for the past 89 years.</p><br>
<p>The building is the third county courthouse and is significant for its being the seat of county government for nearly 90 years. A wooden structure was utilized when Knox became the county seat in 1850, being replaced with a larger, brick building in 1858. The present structure was finished in 1898 at a cost of $130,000, and is the oldest civic building in the county.</p><br>
<p>The building continues to serve the Starke County community. The courthouse presently contains the offices for zoning, health, the Council on Aging, the Court Clerk, the law library, the Jury room, probation, and Judges&#39; Chambers, and the courtrooms.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the building is almost identical to the Ottawa County Courthouse in Port Clinton, Ohio. After visiting Starke county, the Ottawa county commissioners decided to utilize the same architectural plans, and the building was constructed in 1901.</p><br>
<h2>Main Façade</h2><br>
<p>The main façade is on the south. It has three bays with a central pavilion. The pavilion has a wall dormer. The main entrance is on the ground level and projects outward only for the first level. It is built of rock-faced stone blocks. The entryway has a balustrade balcony, on a corbel table, spanning a one-story entry with gargoyle light fixtures. Above the balcony is a two and one-half story round-arched window.</p><br>
<p>Flanking the central pavilion are single bays, with a pair of windows topped by a round arch at the ground level. At the second floor and above the walls are of rock-faced stone, with alternating courses of wide and narrow stones.</p><br>
<p>Although the third floor double-hung windows are round-arched, their heads are Gothic-arched, with rock-faced voussoirs and ornate springers. Four pilasters are located on the facade, at each corner and flanking the central pavilion. The roofline has stone pinnacles above each pilaster.</p><br>
<h2>Clock Tower</h2><br>
<p>From the center of the red, clay-tiled roof rises a square clock tower. It has two parts that are separated by a cornice and balustrade resembling the balcony over the main entrance. The lower section contains paired, deepset, compound, round-arched windows, divided horizontally into four lights. The springers are decorated. The cornice has gargoyle-like sculptures at each corner.</p><br>
<p>The upper section has an arcade beneath, the clock. It is made of dressed, course ashlar and has a hipped roof.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse interior has hardwood and ceramic-tiled floors, plaster and panel wall treatments, and ornate cornice and pilaster capitals. The staircase is accented by ornamental iron balusters, marble steps, and a patriotic ceiling painting of Liberty located between the first and second floors. Ionic capitals, with polychrome gilding, eagle, and shield are found on hall columns and pilasters.</p><br>
<p>SCCH Courthouse Square & Memorial 14-25-29 026.jpgStarke County Veterans Memorial and the Starke County Courthouse, Knox, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>SCCH South Facade 14-25-29 035.jpgSouth Facade of the Starke County Courthouse, Knox, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>SCCH Main Entrance 14-25-29 029.jpgMain Entrance, Starke County Courthouse, Knox, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>SCCH Veterans Mem 14-25-29 027.jpgStarke County Veterans Memorial and the Starke County Courthouse, Knox, Indiana.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>McCormick, Chester A. McCormick&#39;s Guide to Starke County. 1902.</p><br>
<p>Richman, George J. History of Hancock County, Indiana. 1916. Greenfield, IN: Mitchell Publishing Company.</p><br>
<p>Standard History of Starke County, Indiana, A. Vol. 1. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1915.</p><br>
<p>Starke County Centennial, 1850-1950. Published by the Starke County Democrat.</p><br>
<p>Carpenter&#39;s Flats Bridge is a historic Warren Steel Truss bridge over the Ausable River at AuSable and Peru in Clinton County, New York. It was built by the American Bridge Company in 1941. The bridge is 255 ft in length, 37 ft wide, and 38 ft in height.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 for representing the distinctive American bridge designs of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and reflecting the development of American land-based transportation systems in an era of settlement.</p><br>
<p>Palmer Brook Bridge is a historic stone faced, concrete arch bridge over the Ausable River at AuSable Forks in Clinton County, New York. It was built in 1938 with assistance from the Works Progress Administration. The bridge is 25 feet  in length, 15 feet  wide, and six feet  in height.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. The bridge was replaced in 2003 with a modern bridge that appears stylistically similar.</p><br>
<p>Double-Span Metal Pratt Truss Bridge is a historic Pratt truss bridge over the Ausable River at Keeseville in Clinton County and Essex County, New York. It was built in 1877 by the Murray Dougal & Company of Milton, Pennsylvania. It is 214 feet in length and 16 feet wide. It consists of two 107 foot spans supported by a pier at mid-stream. It is the oldest extant example of a metal Pratt truss bridge in New York State.</p><br>
<p>The bridge carries Liberty Street over the Ausable River between Ausable Street and River River. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. In 2008 it was closed, and was in anticipation of repairs.</p><br>
<p>Miller Homestead is a historic home located at Au Sable in Clinton County, New York. The house was built in 1822 and is a -story stone dwelling. It is a five-by-two-bay, side-gabled Federal-style structure. Also on the property is the foundation remains of a large 19th-century barn and a stone wall. It is open as a local history museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Court Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Plattsburgh in Clinton County, New York. The residential district includes 51 contributing buildings. The district generally consists of large scale Queen Anne or Colonial Revival style residences built in the early 20th century, with some examples of mid-19th century Greek Revival and Italianate style residences.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>United States Oval Historic District is a national historic district located on Plattsburgh Air Force Base at Plattsburgh in Clinton County, New York. The district includes 26 contributing buildings and one contributing structure. The district consists of post headquarters, barracks, officers&#39; quarters, a hospital, a chapel, and various buildings surrounding a broad parade ground. All were built between 1893 and 1934 by the USA Army as components of the former Plattsburgh Barracks.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Lake County Courthouse, in Crown Point, Indiana, also referred to as the "Grand Old Lady", is a former county courthouse building that now houses the Lake County Historical Society Museum, offices, city court, and the chamber of commerce. The building is a combination of architectural styles, including Romanesque and Georgian. It was designed in 1878 by John C. Cochrane of Chicago, Illinois and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Crown Point Courthouse Square Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake County was organized in 1837 and a small log structure was used as the courthouse. At the time the county was created, three towns were vying to be the County Seat, Lake Court House (the name for Crown Point), Liverpool and West Point. In 1839 the County Commissioners picked Liverpool as the County Seat. Local dissatisfaction brought the state into the process and the following year (1840), Lake Court House was selected. Solon Robinson and Judge William Clark, with County Agent George Earle, gave Lake Court House a new name and in 1868 the town was incorporated as Crown Point.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, in 1849 the log courthouse was replaced by a frame building at a cost of $10,000. By 1876 the frame courthouse was too small. Prominent Chicago architect John C. Cochrane designed a larger and more ornate building. The central portion, including the clock tower, was started in 1878 and dedicated in 1880. The cost was $52,000.00. The brick facade is made of local bricks from the Henry Wise brickyard. The towers were added in 1907 and dedicated in 1909 at a cost of $160,000.00.</p><br>
<p>The Christ Episcopal Church was a historic building and former church in Joliet, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Episcopal congregation in Joliet, Illinois formed in 1865 and was one of the first five congregations of the denomination in Illinois. The congregation required a larger church in the 1880s. Frank Shaver Allen was commissioned to build the church in 1884-1885. Allen was living in Streator and had designed several buildings there, including the City Hall. Allen moved to Joliet in 1887 and later constructed many other buildings, including Joliet Township High School. Allen was only 24 when he submitted his plans for the church&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>The building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The church closed in 2004, and the congregation left for the St. Edward Church. A group of local investors purchased the building in 2006 for use as a concert hall. A fire on October 8, 2006 destroyed most of the building, and the fate of the land remains uncertain.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church was 120 x and could seat seven hundred. The building also had a 50 x chapel on the west end. It was built with Joliet limestone, largely in the Gothic Revival style with some influence from the emerging Romanesque Revival. The parsonage expressed elements of the Queen Anne style. The bell tower at the junction of the parish and church features a castellated turret. The main aisle was not vaulted, but was instead was highly peaked with red oak strips. The altar and pews were also carved from red oak. The parish hall was remodeled in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Manor is a historic Italianate residence in Homer Glen, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Elijah D. Gorham moved to Homer Township in 1863. The lumber for the house was cut from the farmstead; other timber was traded for limestone from the Joliet Prison. Gorham later moved to rural Kansas and founded the town of Gorham. Ownership of the farm remained in Gorhams hands until his death in 1906. Gorhams widow sold the property to James D. Frazer. The Frazer family owned the residence until 1977. The house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on November 26, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Stone Manor is an excellent local example of Italianate architecture. Representative of the style, the house is symmetrical and features arched windows and ornate trim. The two-story house is 26 x with a 18 x rear addition. The hipped roof was originally covered in wood shingles, but these have seen been replaced with asphalt ones. The exterior of the house is constructed with Joliet limestone blocks 19 in thick. The house was trimmed with wood harvested on the original farmstead. The building is capped with a 9 x cupola. Windows are 5 x and originally had shutters, which have since been replaced. The house sits on a full basement with a limestone slab floor. The first floor has six rooms and the second floor has five; the cupola and the attic provide additional interior space. A gable-roofed barn is found 40 ft behind the house.</p><br>
<p>The Dennis–State Streets Historic District is a residential historic district located on the south side of the city of Adrian in Lenawee County, Michigan. It was listed as a Michigan Historic Site on July 26, 1974. The district was later added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1975. On July 26, 1979, the historic district expanded its boundaries. This expansion, albeit consisting of only one additional property, required a separate listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The district is located just south of the Downtown Adrian Commercial Historic District and just east of M-52, known locally as Main Street. The district is bounded by Union Street on the north, a set of railroad tracks on the south, State Street on the east, and Dennis Street on the west. West Michigan Street also runs through the district. The boundaries of the historic district include all properties fronting on both sides of the streets. Four years after the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, one additional property was added. The George L. Bidwell Mansion, known today as the Burnham Historical Building, at 204 East Church Street, which is outside the rectangular boundaries of the historic district, was added as a contributing property on July 26, 1979. It was the only property added during this boundary extension.</p><br>
<p>There are a total of 80 residential structures included as contributing properties within the district. While the area was first settled as early as 1826, some of the oldest surviving structures date back to the 1844, when the district was platted.</p><br>
<p>Originally known as "Berrys Southern Addition," this district was platted in 1844 by Langford and Ambrose Berry on land that they purchased from the estate of 1826 pioneers Adeline and Elias Dennis. Several of the homes in the neighborhood date to the 1840s, when Adrian was linked by railroad to Toledo (1836), Tecumseh (1838), Monroe (1840), and Hudson (1843), and became the sixth largest city in Michigan. Because of the neighborhoods ideal location, within walking distance to Adrian&#39;s commercial center, churches, and social orders, as well as its factories and rail lines, over time many early homes were either redecorated or torn down and replaced with homes of newer styles.</p><br>
<p>This neighborhood is worth exploring first and foremost because it contains many beautifully maintained homes that were built in a broad range of popular nineteenth- and early twentieth-century architectural styles. The main features of these styles are touched upon in a and elaborated on elsewhere within. The district is also worth exploring because it is an extremely compact area that is easily walked and pleasantly secluded from heavy automobile traffic—the result of the city truncating Dennis Street to make more room for its "modern" city hall in 1971 (demolished in 2010). Within a half mile of the Lenawee County Historical Museum, one can find homes built in both the Octagon and Foursquare forms as well as in the Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Italian Villa, Second Empire, Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, Shingle, Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, Craftsman, and Modern styles.</p><br>
<p>Finally, the neighborhood is worth exploring since several well-known figures once called this neighborhood home. Among them are:</p><br>
<p>The inventor Thomas Edison, who worked briefly in 1864 as the telegraph operator at the city&#39;s railroad depot. He boarded at the Chittenden House at 322 State Street, where the Queen Anne-style Metcalf-Shierson house stands today.</p><br>
<p>Henry Ford&#39;s brother-in-law Samuel W. Raymond, who owned Raymond Ford Garage at 215 North Main Street and lived at 449 State Street.</p><br>
<p>J. Wallace Page, the inventor of woven wire fence and owner of Page Woven Wire Fence Company, who lived at 510 State Street.</p><br>
<p>W. H. Burnham, President of Lamb Fence Company, who lived at 204 East Church Street. This home was also, earlier, the residence of banker W. H. Waldby and, even earlier, of clothing merchant George L. Bidwell, who had the home built during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Ollie E. Mott, owner of Nu-Way Stretch Suspender Company, who lived at 312 State Street.</p><br>
<p>Isabella and William Cocker, who were beneficiaries of Elihu L. Clark&#39;s estate estimated to be worth three quarters of a million dollars when Clark died in 1880. They lived at 312 Dennis Street.</p><br>
<p>Three generations of the Stevenson family, dealers in lumber and coal on Division Street, including Archimedes Stevenson who lived at 305 Dennis Street, his son Frank A. Stevenson who lived at 327 Dennis Street, and Frank&#39;s son William H. Stevenson who lived at 311 Dennis Street.</p><br>
<p>Both owners of Hart & Shaw Drugstore, which was located on the southwest corner of Main and Maumee streets, including Byron Shaw, who lived at 304 Dennis Street, and Samuel Hart who lived at 430 Dennis Street before moving to 417 State Street.</p><br>
<p>J. H. Champion, Editor of the Adrian Watchtower newspaper, who lived at 523 Winter Street.</p><br>
<p>Rockwood is a historic house in the vicinity of Montpelier Station, Orange County, Virginia. It was built in 1848 and is a -story frame house which was designed in a blend of the Gothic Revival and Greek Revival styles. The house sits on a brick English basement and has an offset sharply pitched cross-gable roof.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 2001.</p><br>
<p>The John Edwards House is a historic building in the village of Leipsic in Putnam County, Ohio, United States. Located at 305 W. Main Street,</p><br>
<p>In 1861, Thomas and Isabella Edwards began farming a short distance east of Leipsic. As their four sons grew to manhood, they entered local industry in 1886, and their Buckeye Stave Company soon became one of the most prosperous corporations in the rural Black Swamp of northwestern Ohio. By the mid-1890s, the company was one of the largest landowners in Defiance, Henry, and Putnam counties, and the wealth it produced enabled one of the Edwards brothers to build a mansion on Leipsic&#39;s west side.</p><br>
<p>John Edwards paid approximately $21,000 to construct his Leipsic house in 1894. Built with brick walls and a slate roof, this Late Victorian mansion was ornamented with elements such as elaborate stencilling, molds of the heads of lions, and embossed gold.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Edwards House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its well-preserved historic architecture. It is one of two Leipsic places on the Register, along with the former Leipsic Village Hall. One year prior to listing on the Register, the house was purchased by Harriett Gamper, an Edwards descendant, and donated to the village of Leipsic for conversion into a library. Today, the house is the location of the Leipsic Edwards Gamper Memorial Library; it is a part of the Putnam County District Library system.</p><br>
<p>Saint Elizabeth&#39;s Church, also known as the Old Stone Church, is a historic church located at 302 East Chicago Boulevard  in downtown Tecumseh in Lenawee County, Michigan, USA. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on May 8, 1986, and later added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased by the City of Tecumseh in 1982 and formally dedicated as the Tecumseh Area Historical Museum in 1986. It continues to serve that purpose.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Saint Elizabeth&#39;s Church housed the first Catholic church built in the Protestant-dominated Tecumseh. Amid controversy, the Catholic church was built in 1913 with stone hauled from nearby fields by parishioners. When church membership outgrew the original structure, the congregation moved to a new facility in 1952. The Church of Christ purchased the building in 1954 but itself vacated by 1972 to a larger facility. From 1976 to 1982, the building had a commercial function as a stained glass studio. In 1982, the city of Tecumseh purchased and restored it for the Historical Society of Tecumseh.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Saint Elizabeth&#39;s Church is a small Gothic Revival church located one block east of the Tecumseh Downtown Historic District and across East Chicago Boulevard from the Dr. Samuel Catlin House.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Carnegie Library is an historic library building at 315 E Decherd in Franklin, Texas. Before 1913, the City of Franklin housed its 1,000 volume library in its city hall. The city applied for a grant from the Carnegie Corporation and $7,500 was awarded for the construction of a new library. The building was completed in 1914 but only served as a library through 1918. It was then used for school classes and civic activities though 1984. Currently, it houses the Robertson County Library. It added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 25, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Sauganash Historic District is a historic district which includes the Sauganash Park development, in the Forest Glen, Chicago neighborhood of North Side, Chicago, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is roughly bounded by Lemont and Keating Avenues, the Chicago and Northwestern Railway tracks, and the alley to the east of Kilbourn Avenue. The Skokie Valley Trail southern terminus is in this area.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP historic district includes 468 contributing structures and 141 non-contributing ones.</p><br>
<p>The Old Treaty Elm, said to be the site where the Indian Treaty of 1835 was signed, stood near the southernmost point of the District until 1933. A commemorative plaque now marks the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 7, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Leonard Hall House was a private resident located at 334 West Main Street  in Hudson in westernmost Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on April 4, 1978, and later added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 2, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was constructed in 1847 by wealthy physician Dr. Leonard Hall, who was one of the earliest pioneers in Hudson. Hall was born in 1806 in upstate New York, and completed his medical training 1834. The following year, he established a practice in rural Lenawee County. In 1840, he married Nancy Wells and relocated to Hudson. The Hall family maintained ownership for quite some time until the house was sold to the city, where it was torn down in recent years to make room for commercial development.</p><br>
<p>A strip mall now occupies the vicinity, and an unrelated war memorial rests on the property of the former Dr. Leonard Hall House. The house was located on the edge of the Hudson Downtown Historic District. Though demolished, it is still officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is the only historic listing in Lenawee County to have been demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house was a wooden 1½ story, front-gabled Gothic Revival structure with vertical siding and batten siding. The steeply pitched roof had prominent scalloped and gingerbreaded bargeboards under the eaves, with a kingpost and beams ornamenting the gable. The front facade had an asymmetrical front porch with turned wood columns and spindle railings. The small front doorway was flanked with four-pane sidelights. The remainder of the windows were double hung with hood molds.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the first floor was symmetric about the central entrance hall, with a front parlor, dining room, and library on one side and a bedroom and adjoining bath on the other. The second floor was remodeled into a small apartment.</p><br>
<p>Hart House, also known as Hart Residence, is a historic home located at Burlingham in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1825 and is a narrow, rectangular, -story wood-frame building with clapboard siding on a slightly raised stone foundation. It measures approximately 42 feet by 21 feet. The property used to have three seasonal cottages dating to the early 20th century. They were destroyed by the local fire department in a controlled burn.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Drake-Curtis House is a historic home located at Cochecton in Sullivan County, New York. It is a vernacular frame Federal period dwelling. It features a -story central block built about 1810, flanked by 1-story wings added about 1840 and 1850. Also on the property are dry-laid stone retaining walls and a small 19th-century privy.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Page House is a historic home located at Cochecton in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1892 is a large two story, cross gabled, frame Queen Anne style dwelling. It features asymmetrical massing, picturesque roofline, domed corner tower, decorative shingled surfaces, and an elaborately detailed verandah. An extension was added in 1905. Also on the property are a springhouse and small barn.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church of Hartford City is a Presbyterian church in Hartford City, Indiana, United States. The edifice is the oldest church building in a small city that at one time was a bustling community with as many as ten glass factories – and over 20 saloons. Located at the corner of High and Franklin Streets, the church is part of the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the house of worship began in 1892 and was completed in 1893. The church building is considered one of the city&#39;s best examples of the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture. One aspect of the building that makes it particularly notable is its windows. The church features massive stained glass windows that were hand-crafted in Belgium and assembled by local glass workers originally from that country.</p><br>
<p>At the time the church was constructed, the region was undergoing substantial economic growth related to the discovery of natural gas, and this period is known as the Indiana Gas Boom. Most of the city&#39;s distinctive buildings within its Courthouse Square Historic District were built during that period, including both buildings listed in the National Register of Historic Places—the Blackford County Courthouse and the First Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<h2>Presbyterians in Hartford City</h2><br>
<p>In the 1840s, the community that would eventually be named Hartford City was still named Hartford. Methodists had been holding Christian religious services in the area since the 1830s. A second branch of Christianity came to the area on December 18, 1843, when the Presbyterian Church of Hartford was founded by a group of thirteen people and the Reverend Samuel N. Steel. The community&#39;s original Presbyterian church building was built on the southeast edge of the village in 1844, and was located on Mulberry Street, between Water and Washington Streets. Hartford was a small, unincorporated farming community at that time, and farm land was only two blocks away from the church. The church was renamed Blackford Presbyterian Church in 1853. That name was short-lived, as the church became known as the Presbyterian Church of Hartford (again) in 1855.</p><br>
<p>Today, the churchs original Mulberry Street location is about two blocks from the current courthouse square of the city of Hartford City. Hartford was renamed Hartford City in the 1850s when it was discovered that a community named Hartford already existed in Indiana. The renamed community grew enough to incorporate as a town in 1857. The Presbyterian congregation was also growing, although the church had yet to keep the same minister for more than three years. Members of the churchs congregation included “some of the countys most respected citizens”, with surnames such as Willman, Gable, Reasoner, Fulton, Emshwiller, Woolard, Sanderson, and McEldowney. (The areas first settler was Benjamin Reasoner).</p><br>
<p>As the house of worship became more crowded, the ladies of the congregation began a fund for a new church. On March 7, 1868, the Presbyterians purchased a lot on the north side of Hartford City at the corner of High and Franklin Streets, not far from the location of a Methodist church used in the 1840s. The lot cost $150. A new wood-frame Presbyterian Church was quickly constructed. Labor for construction was donated by the church members and friends. The new church was larger and better-furnished than the previous church, and was heated with two stoves. However, within the next two decades, overcrowding again became a problem. Members of the congregation were unwilling to go deep into debt for a new structure, but they began to work to acquire the financial resources necessary to achieve their goal of a larger house of worship.</p><br>
<p>The women of the churchs congregation again played a major role in fundraising for a new church building, with various projects and clubs. Among the fundraising groups were the Sewing Circle, the Reading Circle, and the Aftermath Society. In 1883, an additional group was established with the extensive name of "The Womans Home and Foreign Missionary Society of Hartford City, Muncie Presbytery, Auxiliary to the Northwest Branches of the Presbyterian Church." That organization, which started with 6 members, had as many as 80 members and guests at meetings within the year. Putting 80 people in perspective, the whole town had a population of just 1,470 in 1880.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>In 1890, Reverend A. Judson Arrick was installed as the new pastor of Hartford City&#39;s Presbyterian Church. At his urging, members worked even harder to raise funds for a new church building. Eventually, plans for the new building were submitted, and a contract was awarded to Alec Gable for the construction of a new brick building. In 1892, the wood-frame Presbyterian Church was moved one block east to Jefferson Street, enabling construction of a new house of worship to begin on the Franklin and High Street site. The cornerstone for the new building was laid during the same year, as construction began. Unfortunately, Reverend Arrick preached his last sermon in Hartford City on September 6, 1892, and was unable to see the completed church. In December, the roof was completed and floor laid, and church members held their first service in the partially completed structure on January 8, 1893. Reverend J. W. Fulton was the new pastor.</p><br>
<p>By July 1893, the new church building was completed. The well-attended Sunday dedication ceremony (July 9, 1893) included the Reverend Charles H. Payne, a noted New York divine, in addition to visitors from nearby cities and towns. At the crowded dedication, it was announced that $5,000 would be needed to pay off all debt on the building. A total of $4,809 in donations was pledged at that time. Later that evening, additional funds were donated, and the grand total for the day was $5,529. Among the donors were five individuals that pledged $300 each, plus one group (Aftermath Society) also pledged $300. Thus, the church was free of debt. The building was considered expensive for the time, costing over $10,000. However, the congregation&#39;s years of planning and generosity were rewarded with a debt-free structure that was considered a grand achievement. The church had two main rooms: the sanctuary on the west side of the building, and an east-side lecture room.</p><br>
<p>The old wood-frame church was not abandoned. It was rented for a few years and used for storage. Sometime prior to 1895, it was deconstructed again – and moved to the south side of town. The wood-frame building served as the location for a mission Sunday School, and attendance averaged 30 to 40 students each Sunday.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The citizens of the community were duly impressed with the new church. One of the local newspapers said "The edifice is one that does a credit to the city as well as the congregation...a monument of which they may be justly proud." The church building is considered Hartford Citys best example of a form of the Romanesque Revival architectural style known as Richardsonian Romanesque. H. H. Richardsons interpretation of the Romanesque architectural style became popular in America in the late 19th century, especially for churches and public buildings. Typical of his style was a large single tower, round arches above windows and doors, groups of windows, gabled roofs, and contrasting color or texture in exterior stone and brick masonry.</p><br>
<p>Alec Gable, the architect that designed Hartford Citys First Presbyterian Church, incorporated many of these typical Richardson features in the churchs blueprint. The buildings exterior is brick trimmed with limestone – a mixing of exterior textures typical of the Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style. Indiana is famous for its limestone, which has been used in monuments, universities, and government buildings found throughout the United States. The churchs main façade is gabled with a round-arched doorway and a large stained-glass window. A square bell tower, located on the northwest corner, divides the north and west sides of the building. The top of the tower is steep-pitched, pyramid-shaped, and crowned with a Christian cross. These are more characteristics typical of Richardson&#39;s designs. The corners of the tower form piers that rise above the base of the roof, and each pier has a circular cap that slopes to a ball-tipped point.</p><br>
<p>The west side of the structure (see photo herein), which houses the main (High Street) entrance to the sanctuary (located at the base of the bell tower), features an enormous stained glass window surrounded with narrow brick buttresses topped with limestone. Additional buttresses, similar in appearance but slightly lower in height, are located on both sides of the southwest corner of the building. The circular window, known as a rose window, is similar to the style of the circular windows found in European cathedrals. The Cathedral Basilica of St Denis and the Chartres Cathedral are examples of the rose window in Europe.</p><br>
<p>The original north (Franklin Street) side of the building (see photo herein) has two gabled sections. The section located next to the bell tower contains a large stained glass window exceeded in size only by the enormous window on the west side. Both of the large (west side and north side) windows are visible from inside the church&#39;s sanctuary. Another gabled section on the north side, further to the east from the tower, is the location for the Franklin Street entrance to the building – and more stained glass windows.</p><br>
<h3>Stained glass</h3><br>
<p>One of the main features of the 1893 version of the church building was (and still is) a huge stained glass window on the High Street (west) side of the sanctuary. Over fifty years after the windows installation, it was still believed to be the largest window enclosed in one frame in the state of Indiana. The glass was handmade in Belgium, and installed by local glass workers originally from that country. Ironically, most of Hartford Citys Belgian-immigrant glass workers were Catholics living on the other (south) side of the city. Although Hartford City had numerous local glass factories by the next decade, Hartford City Glass Company was the only glass factory in town in 1892. Therefore, it can safely be assumed that the Belgian glass workers were employees of that glass factory. “Old-timers” may remember Belgian glass workers as employees of American Window Glass Company, which purchased Hartford City Glass just before 1900.</p><br>
<p>Belgium is the site of multiple examples of Western European cathedral architecture. Examples include the St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral, Cathedral of Our Lady, the Our Lady of Flanders’ Cathedral of Tournai, and others. During the 19th century, Belgium also contributed significantly to the revival of architecture from the Middle Ages. The works of countymen Jean-Baptiste Capronnier in stained glass, and Baron Bethune in architecture, are especially noteworthy. An American example of Capronnier&#39;s work with stained glass can be found in the “parable window” in the First Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Belgium was the world&#39;s top exporter of glass during the 19th century, and was considered one of the leading makers of flat glass. Belgian craftsman, such as Fourcault and Bicheroux, continued the Belgian glassmaking excellence by making significant contributions to glassmaking processes during the beginning of the 20th century. This technological advantage enabled Belgium to be the top exporter of plate and polished glass to the United States during the early 20th century before World War I.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass windows in Hartford Citys Presbyterian Church still have exceptionally vivid colors, and these colors can be hard to duplicate. With the exception of the writings of the Monk Theopiles, the “recipes” for various colors of glass were often kept secret at the time the churchs glass was created – there were no copyrights or patents. Glass coloring knowledge was often passed on by word from master to apprentice. The exact shade of color of glass was dependent upon secret ingredients, the length of time the molten glass was in the “pot”, and even the composition of the pot. Some of the ingredients used to color glass are no longer used because it was eventually discovered that the chemicals were hazardous to the glassmaker&#39;s health!</p><br>
<p>During the Middle Ages, stained glass windows and other artwork were often used in churches to educate the illiterate. Poor Mans Bible is the term that eventually was used to describe artwork used in this manner. Some windows used literal scenes from the Christian Bible, while other windows used symbolism to represent the Bibles teachings. The many stained glass windows in Hartford City&#39;s Presbyterian Church carry on this tradition with both Biblical scenes and symbolism.</p><br>
<p>At first glance, the huge window on the churchs west wall (see High Street photo) appears to be an elaborate geometric design without obvious Christian symbols. Instead, the window is full of symbolism. The circular portion at the top of the window is called a rose window. This type of stained glass window was popular in Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals. The west portico of the Tournai Cathedral is an example of a rose window in Belgium. The Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, is another example of a cathedral with a rose window on the western facade. The west side location is typical for a rose window, and it enables the afternoon sunlight to enhance the beauty of the window for the viewer inside the structure. During the 19th and 20th centuries, rose windows were often dedicated to the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus. The center of the rose window in Hartford Citys First Presbyterian Church, with its gold ring, represents Christ as the center “light”. “Christ” is surrounded by twelve objects – the twelve disciples. Below the rose are four lancets that represent the four gospel writers. This window, typically dedicated to the mother of Christ during the 19th century, is a memorial to its sponsor&#39;s mother – and follows tradition by its location on the western side of the church.</p><br>
<p>While the churchs western window contains some feminine symbology – the other large window, located on the north side, is masculine with a crown symbolizing Jesus Christ the King. More examples of messages contained in the churchs stained glass windows are listed below, and can be found in the various photos herein.</p><br>
<p>Most art (stained) glass rose windows in cathedrals and churches in the UK, Europe and the US, feature rich primary colors of deep blue, purple, red, green and gold. The art glass in the main west window in the sanctuary of First Presbyterian Church of Hartford City is unique in that it utilizes almost entirely pastel and muted colors to convey natural beauty and sacred meaning.</p><br>
<p>The various light blue tones portray the firmament, sky, air, containing moisture, rain, and water to replenish the earth. The many muted greens represent the canopy of leaves overhead, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, the life cycle in nature, connecting to the firmament by the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and all organic life. Although it may sound ambitious for craftsman of the nineteenth century, these representations are obvious in the windows when understood and looked for.</p><br>
<p>The many light blues and muted greens in the main west window represent the opening story in the book of Genesis: In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth: firmament, sky, natural processes of sunlight, air, and water nourishing the earth, soil, growing vegetation, the organic life cycle that sustains human life. There is both the what and the why of the art glass design – God created organic life in azures and olives, accented with mauves and teals and all manner of pastels. And why? God created organic life to sustain his most beloved creation, human life.</p><br>
<p>Acts 17: 22–31, the Apostle Paul addresses the intelligentsia of Athens gathered on Mars Hill across from the Parthenon on the Acropolis. In the middle of his explanation refuting their many stone statues housing their many pagan gods, he says the true God cannot be contained in anything carved by human hands since the true God, ”gives to all people life and breath and all things;.” This short phrase may have been in the minds of the conceivers, designers, and makers of these art glass windows as evidenced by the “organic life and airy breath” portrayed by their beautiful and intricate design.</p><br>
<p>The Apostle Paul then explains the reason for life and breath, which is, “that they would seek God, if perhaps they might grope for Him and find Him, though He is not far from each one of us; for in Him we live and move and exist.” God gives natural life and life-giving breath so that we might find God, who lovingly gives life and meaning to human existence.</p><br>
<p>The final confirming evidence of this true meaning of the natural colors in the west window is in the north window. Clearly represented there is the natural beauty of the oceans covering nearly seventy percent of the surface of the earth whose process of evaporation and condensation are the source of all life in the firmament and on the earth. Without the oceans, the rest of our earthly life cycle would not exist. The north window confirms the west window. Together these priceless, world-class art glass windows are the unique story of God-given science of nature enabling human endeavor to connect with the divine.</p><br>
<p>A simple nativity of Jesus scene including the Star of Bethlehem.</p><br>
<p>A crown of thorns with a broken cross symbolizing the crucifixion of Jesus.</p><br>
<p>The traditional Holy Grail symbolizing communion.</p><br>
<h2>Additions and enhancements</h2><br>
<p>The new building renewed interest in the Presbyterian Church. Membership in 1895 grew to 253, and Sunday school enrollment was over 300. Over the first one hundred years, minor changes were made to the church, including moving doorways and modifications to the sanctuary. For example, notice the door on the south side of the west wall on the right side of the pre-1910 picture herein (Construction section). A picture of the church from a publication dated 1895 also shows the south door. The door no longer exists, as can be seen in the west wall (High Street side) picture from 2010 (Architecture section). The door must have been removed early in “life” of the building, since a postcard of the church dated circa 1910 also does not have the south door on the west wall.</p><br>
<p>One of the first modifications to the interior of the church was the enlargement of the pulpit and choir platform. This was done to accommodate a larger choir. The platform was enlarged again in 1912, when the church purchased a pipe organ.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s, Sunday School attendance peaked at 500. Because of the larger number of attendees of the Sunday School classes, it was proposed to add a building to the east end of the church&#39;s property. However, concerns about debt caused that plan to be abandoned, and replaced with a lower-cost plan. The plan involved closing off the east lecture room, and was implemented in the early 1930s. The result was a balcony on the east side of the sanctuary and six class rooms. A few years later, in 1936, the sanctuary was completely redecorated.</p><br>
<p>The 1930s and 1940s marked some of the peak years of the churchs attendance. Newer generations of the citys prominent names from the churchs 19th century membership, such as Emshwiller, Fulton, Gable and Willman, continued to be part of the churchs congregation. The congregation was also well represented in the city&#39;s important glass industry, with surnames such as Crimmel (Sneath Glass Company) and Fulton (Fulton Glass Company). Membership during the 1940s was as high as 438. The last major change to the church structure was made in 1959, when construction began for an east wing. Currently, the bell (see photo herein) from the bell tower rests on the ground on the south side of the building. The bell was removed from the tower because of safety concerns and to reduce strain on the tower structure.</p><br>
<h3>Pipe organ</h3><br>
<p>In 1908 the church received a new pastor, the Reverend George Sheldon. After a couple of years, Reverend Sheldon urged the congregation to secure a pipe organ. The various organizations of the church began raising funds. In addition, $1,000 was donated by Andrew Carnegie, who had retired from his many business enterprises and become a nationally known philanthropist. The new pipe organ cost over $2,000, and was installed in 1912 after the platform for the choir and pulpit was enlarged to accommodate the magnificent new instrument. The dedication recital was played by Professor Isaac Norris of DePauw University. The first regular organist was Professor Carl Bilby of Muncie, Indiana. The pipe organ is thought to be the citys first, and is still used today. The photo herein, from 2010, shows the churchs pulpit and “pipe” portion of the pipe organ. “Smaller” stained glass windows can be seen to the left near the choir loft. These windows were part of the eastern wall of the church before the addition of the East Wing.</p><br>
<h3>East wing</h3><br>
<p>A two-story flat-roofed structure was added to the east side of the church in 1960. The addition was named Westminster Fellowship Hall, and its purpose was for fellowship and Christian education. Planning and fund-raising began in the spring of 1958. This was the only large-scale expansion of the church, and construction began with a groundbreaking ceremony in August 1959. Dr. John W. Halsey, pastor of the church, and other members of the congregation took turns with a symbolic shoveling of the earth. The total cost of the expansion was approximately $85,000.</p><br>
<h2>Present congregation</h2><br>
<p>As of 2008, the churchs congregation has 122 members. The Reverend David Smith is the current (2010) pastor. While the recent membership total reflects a decline from the pre-World War II peak years, it represents a small increase from earlier in the decade. The citys population has declined since the 1970s, as the region has suffered from the effects of a troubled American auto industry. However, Hartford Citys First Presbyterian Church is still “a monument of which they may be justly proud.” The church conducts services in the citys historic district, in a historic building, located on land purchased in 1868. Situated at the corner of Franklin and High Streets, much of the church building looks the same as the outstanding structure constructed in 1892 and 1893. The edifice has existed in three different centuries – may it continue into a fourth.</p><br>
<p>Anthony Manny House is a historic home located at Hankins in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1890 is a two-story, frame Queen Anne style dwelling. It features irregular massing, a hipped roof core and intersecting gable projections and wings, a two-story polygonal bay, and a bluestone foundation and basement floor. Also on the property are a garage and potting shed.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Bennett Family House is a historic home located at Monticello in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1880 is a -story, wood-frame, L-shaped dwelling with a long one-story rear wing. The main block is three bays wide and two bays deep on a dressed-stone foundation and topped by a gable roof. It features an ornate period interior.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Rialto Theatre, also known as the Miller and Washington Block, is a historic commercial block and theatre located at Monticello in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1921 and the theatre was developed as part of a commercial block which incorporated three storefronts and a restaurant occupying the entire second floor. The block is two stories tall and a broad six bays wide, constructed of brick. The theatre auditorium extended 136 feet to the rear and constructed of parged concrete. The former lobby is occupied by a storefront. The auditorium was demolished in 2003. The theater&#39;s marquee was removed during renovations in 2012, supposedly because it was deteriorated, when "workers pulled it apart in pieces and junked it," according to a published account.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Center Theatre, also known as the Woodbourne Theater, is a historic theatre located at Woodbourne in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1938 and is a three bays wide, two stories tall Art Deco structure. It is three time longer than it is wide and has a large auditorium behind the entrance pavilion. The entrance pavilion consists of the facade, foyer, and lobby.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Shelburne Playhouse is a historic theatre located at Ferndale in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1922 as part of a small resort known as the Shelburne Hotel and used as the hotel social hall. It is a long, rectangular wood-frame building, 95 feet long and 35 feet wide. It consists of two components: a large five-by-four-bay structure that houses the main seating area / dance hall and a slightly lower three-by-one-bay entrance pavilion. The building is coated in stucco with applied wooden battens and a surmounted by a gable roof in the Tudor Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. With Maurice Gerry, Allan Bérubé (1946–2007) coordinated its restoration and initiated its being placed on the New York State and national register.</p><br>
<p>Callicoon National Bank, also known as Delaware Free Library, is a historic bank building located at Callicoon in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1913 and is a two-story masonry building, rectangular in plan with a flat roof. The symmetrical bluestone facade features a pedimented entrance with Ionic order columns in antis. A bank occupied the building until 1967; in 1970 it was occupied by the library.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Hessinger Store was a historic general store located at Callicoon Center in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1840 and demolished in April 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was a general store, but also functioned as a post office, dance hall, and hotel / rooming house. It was a large wood-frame building constructed in four phases over a 20 to 50-year period starting about 1840. It was built of heavy timber, post and beam construction and built into a hillside on a stone foundation. The largest section was the -story center section. The second floor of the south wing originally served as a Masonic hall and features a barrel vaulted ceiling.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>After the Hessingers sold the building, it went through a succession of at least three owners, who failed to keep the building in good repair. Eventually the building became dilapidated and rodent-infested.</p><br>
<p>In December 2010, the town of Callicoon decided to demolish the building. After a brief court battle the dilapidated building was demolished in April 2011.</p><br>
<p>Reilly&#39;s Store is a historic general store located at Cochecton in Sullivan County, New York. It was built about 1860 and is a 2-story, wooden, three-by-six-bay, gable-fronted building of post and beam construction. The first floor was occupied by a store and the second was for residential use.</p><br>
<p>Owned throughout the 20th century by J.W. Dermody, and later Frank P. and Katherine Reilly, the general store ran until Mr. Reillys death in 1957. In the early 1990s, the building was purchased and restored by Bob and Mary Ann White, who owned and operated Reillys Ice Cream Parlor and Museum from 1994 til September 5, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The museum featured artifacts of the White&#39;s collection from toys and tools of the early 20th century to a model "downtown" hallway, complete with miniature store fronts for the butcher shop, seamstress, post office, barber, and more. A favorite for adults and children was the model train that circled the ceiling of museum and ice cream parlor.</p><br>
<p>Behind the Reilly Store sits a barn painted with advertisement aimed at the passenger rail line that ran directly behind the store. The Castoria Barn advertises for Fletchers Castoria Oil, used as a childrens laxative.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Valleau Tavern is a historic tavern located at Cochecton in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1829 and is a three-story vernacular building of the Federal period with a gable roof. It is clapboard sided of post and beam construction and features a one-story porch with a hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Manion&#39;s General Store is a historic general store and post office located at Ferndale in Sullivan County, New York. It was built before 1908 and is a large, frame building. It is two and one half stories tall, five bays wide and three bays deep, with a gable roof and deep overhanging eaves. It is built into a hillside and has a stone foundation. The store operated into the 1970s and the post office to the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Town and Country Building  and New Lyric Theatre  is a historic commercial building located at Liberty in Sullivan County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in about 1890 as a combination meeting hall and retail space and has been occupied by a series of stores, theatres, and social groups. The last substantive exterior renovation was about 1950 when it received the current Art Moderne facade. The building consists of two large rectangular blocks. The front block is two and one half stories tall and seven bays deep, surmounted by a gable roof. The rear block was built about 1950 and is one and one half stories tall, five bays deep, constructed of concrete block and surmounted by a broad gable roof. The Town and Country Mens and Boys Clothing Store occupied the storefront for 50 years until the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. Allan Bérubé (1946–2007) helped to save the building.</p><br>
<p>Munson Diner is a historic diner located at Liberty in Sullivan County, New York. It was manufactured in 1945 by the Kullman Dining Car Company of Lebanon, New Jersey. It has a riveted steel frame and exterior of stainless steel and porcelain enamel. It has a long, rectangular form, 16 feet wide by 50 feet long. The interior has a plan typical of the diners of the 1940s and 1950s. It was moved from West 49th Street and 11th Avenue, New York City, to Liberty in 2005.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Allan Bérubé (1946–2007) initiated the saving, redevelopment, and moving of the diner.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The diner has served as a filming location in Kojak and American Express commercials. It served as "Reggies Diner", the local alternative to Monks Cafe, in several episodes of Seinfeld, such as in "The Soup", when George introduces the gang to Reggies because his attempts to date a waitress at Monks have led to an awkward situation. In "The Bizarro Jerry" episode, the regular gang of Reggies Diner befriend Elaine and introduce her to the "alternate bizarro universe" that goes on there. In "The Pool Guy", George escapes to Reggies when his fiancee joins the friend group at Monk&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Arlington Hotel is a historic hotel located at Narrowsburg in Sullivan County, New York. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 31, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History and features</h2><br>
<p>The Arlington Hotel was built in 1894. It was initially operated by J.G. Gutheil.</p><br>
<p>During the 1890s, the hotel accommodated adventurers and explorers including J. Wallace Hoff of Delaware who later spoke highly of the hospitality and attractive waitresses.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s, businessman George Oellrich bought the hotel for use as a general store.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is a four-story frame structure, five bays wide and three bays deep. The upper three stories are covered in clapboard and the first floor in modern wood siding and permastone. It features a second story porch that spans the south facade.</p><br>
<h2>Delaware Valley Arts Alliance</h2><br>
<p>The building now serves as the Delaware Valley Arts Alliance. The DVAA offers two art galleries, a gift shop, performing arts and cultural programs, in addition to serving as the Arts Council for Sullivan County and providing grant funds for arts nonprofits and individual artists.</p><br>
<p>Hampton Pinckney is a neighborhood and national historic district located in Greenville, South Carolina. One of the oldest neighborhoods in Greenville, it was where the textile industry was started in the early 19th century and lasted until the 1920s. The first trolley car in Greenville was installed in this neighborhood in 1899, opening for business in 1901.</p><br>
<p>It encompasses 70 contributing buildings in a residential section of Greenville. The houses date from about 1890 to 1930, and include Italianate, Greek Revival, Queen Anne, various bungalows, and examples of Gothic Revival and Colonial Revival design, as well as vernacular forms. The oldest house in the district is the McBee House (ca. 1835).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, with a boundary increase in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Ferndale School, also known as District 6 School, is a historic one-room school located at Ferndale in Sullivan County, New York. It was built about 1850 and is a one-story, wood-frame building with clapboard siding surmounted by a gable roof with exposed rafters. It is three bays wide and five bays deep. A small wing was added in the early 20th century. Also on the property is a woodshed. It was used as a school into the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Jeffersonville School is a historic school building located at Jeffersonville in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1938-1939 and is a large, expansive, two story Georgian style central school with a below grade basement. The original building is a T-shaped, steel frame and concrete structure with red brick and brickwork ornamentation and surmounted by a slate roof. Architect was H.O. Fullerton of Albany, New York. It is topped by a white, windowed cupola, a four sided clock tower, and a weather vane. It is operated by the Sullivan West Central School as an elementary school.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Tusten Stone Arch Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge located at Tusten in Sullivan County, New York. It was built in 1896 and has two round arches. It measures 51.1 feet in length and 15 feet wide. It crosses the Tenmile River near that river&#39;s junction with the Delaware River.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>It is located within the Ten Mile River Boy Scout Reservation, which in turn is owned by the Boy Scout Councils of Greater New York.</p><br>
<p>Spring House is a historic inn located at Barryville in Sullivan County, New York. It was built as a residence about 1880 and almost immediately enlarged as a hotel and boarding house. The original house is the 2-story main block with gable roof, a small south gable-roofed wing, and a two-by-two-bay rear wing. Long narrow wings were added shortly after the original construction. It is now configured as a long, narrow, rectangular building, two stories tall, eleven bays wide and two bays wide with a -story cross-gabled center section.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Walker Tavern is a historic structure located at 11710 USA Route 12 in Cambridge Township in northwesternmost Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site on February 19, 1958, and was later the county&#39;s first property added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 25, 1971. The structure was incorporated into the Cambridge Junction Historic State Park and continues to serve as a museum and venue for various events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This structure was built as a modest farmhouse around 1832 by an unknown architect in the style of Federal architecture. It was built at the important intersection of the former Chicago Road (U.S Route 12) and the Monroe Pike (M-50). At some point, Calvin Snell began operating the building as a tavern for travelers along the road. In about 1838, Sylvester and Lucy Walker moved from New York State and likely began leasing the inn and tavern from Snell. In 1842, the Walkers purchased the tavern, renaming it the Walker Tavern. In addition to a tavern, it also served as an inn for travelers from Monroe en route from Detroit to Chicago — a stagecoach trip that once took five days. Famous guests included Daniel Webster and James Fenimore Cooper. The structure served a variety of purposes, including a meeting place for religious and political gatherings.</p><br>
<p>Walker operated the tavern until about 1853, when he constructed a similar establishment, S. Walker&#39;s Hotel, across the street. In 1865, the older Walker Tavern was purchased by Francis A. Dewey. In 1921, Frederic Hewitt purchased the tavern and converted it into a museum. In 1965, the Walker Tavern was sold to the Michigan DNR, and it underwent several alterations during a restoration process.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Walker Tavern is a two-story frame structure, sided with whitewood clapboard, and located on a low rise of ground. It is framed with hand-hewn white oak timbers about eight inches square. A basement of fieldstone extends under about half the building. The original portion of the tavern measures approximately 36 feet by 18 feet, and three major additions were made to the rear of the original structure, extending its depth.</p><br>
<p>The John W. Keeney and Erena Alexander Rogers Farm, commonly known simply as the Keeney Farm, is a historic district located at 5300 Monroe Street  in Franklin Township in north-central Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site and added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 24, 2001. The apple orchard has been continuously operating since 1875, and is one of the oldest such orchards in Lenawee County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jonathan B. Keeney was born in Lyme, Connecticut in 1815, and he purchased the land on which this farm stands in 1835. In 1846, he sold the land to his brother John W. Keeney, who was born in 1810 in New London, Connecticut. In about 1865, John hired local builder Riley Butrick to construct the farmhouse. In about 1875, John&#39;s son Joseph Keeney planted the first apple orchard on the property. Joseph was disinterested in the business management of the farm, preferring horticultural pursuits, so he left the management to his sister Emma and his three children: Frank, John R., and Ruth Keeney.</p><br>
<p>John R. Keeney was the driving force behind the farm management. He was born in 1882 and later moved the Chicago to become a salesman. In 1916, he returned to the farm and introduced a substantial amount of new innovation to the farming process. The farm became one of the largest producers of fruit in the area, and he installed cold storage barns in 1922. In 1923, he married opera performer Dorothy Bladon Elton, and the couple renovated the farmhouse in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Refrigeration units were installed in the 1930s, and the farm grew Christmas trees, eventually instituting a "pick your own" sales model. Some of the landscape features surrounding the house, including the retaining wall along M-50, were built from 1926 to 1950. Frank Perry died early, John R. Keeney bought out his sister Ruth for ownership of the property in 1963. The farm passed in trust to his sons, John William Keeney and Frank Perry Keeney. In 1980, John William became sole owner of the farm.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The farm consists of 256 acres (104 ha), which includes the farmhouse, fields, woodlands, a pond, and an apple orchard. The majority of the property — all but 10 acres (4 ha) — has been owned by the Keeney family since it was first settled in 1835. The farmhouse stands on a small hill, and a fieldstone-trimmed concrete retaining wall runs in front of it.</p><br>
<p>The house is a two-story Upright and Wing structure with a fieldstone foundation and clapboard siding. Traces of Greek Revival details remain, including narrow corner pilasters, the wide frieze band below the cornices, and the side and transom lights framing the front entrance. The upright portion of the house is three bays wide with a shallow pitched roof. The wing section is three bays wide on the ground floor and two on the second; it also has a shallow roof.</p><br>
